विधियों की तुलना करें
चुनी हुई विधियों की आमने-सामने समीक्षा करें; भिन्नता वाली पंक्तियाँ रेखांकित हैं।
| बहु-समूह अन्वेषणात्मक कारक विश्लेषण (MGEFA)× | विभेदक आइटम कार्यप्रणाली (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| क्षेत्र | मनोमिति | मनोमिति |
| परिवार | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| उद्भव वर्ष≠ | 1981 | 1970s–1993 |
| प्रवर्तक≠ | Muthén & Christoffersson | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| प्रकार≠ | Latent variable / multi-group dimension reduction | Item-level bias detection |
| मौलिक स्रोत≠ | Muthén, B. & Christoffersson, A. (1981). Simultaneous factor analysis of dichotomous variables in several groups. Psychometrika, 46(4), 407–419. DOI ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| उपनाम | MGEFA, multi-sample exploratory factor analysis, simultaneous EFA across groups, exploratory factor analysis with multiple groups | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| संबंधित≠ | 6 | 5 |
| सारांश≠ | Multi-group exploratory factor analysis estimates the latent factor structure of a set of items separately within each of two or more groups and then examines whether the discovered structures are consistent across groups. It is used to explore dimensionality before imposing invariance constraints, and to diagnose group-specific factor patterns that would invalidate cross-group comparisons. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
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