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	प्रति-वास्तविक प्रभाव मूल्यांकन (Counterfactual Impact Evaluation - CIE)	अंतर-में-अंतर (डिफ-इन-डिफ)
क्षेत्र	कारणात्मक अनुमान	अर्थमिति
परिवार	Regression model	Regression model
उद्भव वर्ष	1970s–2000s	1994
प्रवर्तक	Heckman, Imbens, Rubin, and the program evaluation literature	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)
प्रकार	Causal inference / program evaluation	Causal inference / panel regression
मौलिक स्रोत	Heckman, J. J., & Vytlacil, E. J. (2007). Econometric evaluation of social programs, Part I: Causal models, structural models and econometric policy evaluation. Handbook of Econometrics, 6B, 4779-4874.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355
उपनाम	CIE, counterfactual evaluation, counterfactual policy evaluation, impact evaluation	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)
संबंधित	5	5
सारांश	Counterfactual Impact Evaluation is a family of causal methods that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing what actually happened to participants with what would have happened had the intervention not taken place. Formalised in the Rubin Causal Model and extended by Heckman, Imbens and others, CIE underlies most modern program and policy evaluation practice.	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.