השוואת שיטות

	מדד המוטיבציה בספורט (SMS)	שאלון קשיחות מנטלית (MTQ48)
תחום	פסיכולוגיית ספורט	פסיכולוגיית ספורט
משפחה	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
שנת המקור	1995	2002
הוגה השיטה	Luc Pelletier, Marc Fortier, Robert Vallerand	Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell
סוג	Self-report sport motivation questionnaire	Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire
מקור מכונן	Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., Brière, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35–53.	Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187.
כינויים	SMS, SMS-6	MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs
קשורות	4	4
תקציר	The SMS is a 24–28 item questionnaire measuring the motivational reasons athletes engage in sport, organized along the continuum of Self-Determination Theory: from intrinsic motivation (inherent enjoyment, mastery, excitement) through extrinsic forms (identified goals, introjected norms, external rewards) to amotivation (lack of intent). Developed by Pelletier and colleagues in 1995, the SMS has become the leading instrument for assessing sport motivation quality and predicting athlete engagement, retention, and psychological wellbeing.	The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience.