Comparer des méthodes

	Form Criticism	Intertextuality Analysis
Domaine	Religious Studies	Religious Studies
Famille	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Année d'origine	1921	1989
Auteur d'origine	Hermann Gunkel (Old Testament); Rudolf Bultmann & Martin Dibelius (New Testament)	Richard B. Hays (echoes/allusion criteria); building on Julia Kristeva's intertextuality
Type	Genre-classification and tradition-history pipeline for oral pre-literary units	Criteria-based pipeline for detecting and interpreting scriptural allusions and echoes
Source fondatrice	Bultmann, R. (1963). The History of the Synoptic Tradition (trans. J. Marsh). New York: Harper & Row. [German original 1921]. ISBN: 9780060611729	Hays, R. B. (1989). Echoes of Scripture in the Letters of Paul. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN: 9780300044713
Alias	Formgeschichte, Form-Critical Analysis, Genre Criticism of Scripture, Tradition History	Inner-Biblical Allusion Analysis, Echoes of Scripture, Allusion and Echo Criticism, Scriptural Intertextuality
Apparentées	4	4
Résumé	Form criticism (Formgeschichte) studies the small, originally oral units that make up the biblical text, asking what genre each unit belongs to, what social setting gave rise to it, and how it developed before reaching written form. Hermann Gunkel pioneered the approach for the Hebrew Bible, treating the narratives of Genesis and the Psalms as folk forms shaped by communal use, while Rudolf Bultmann and Martin Dibelius applied it to the Gospels, analyzing the sayings and stories about Jesus as units that circulated and were shaped by the early church before the evangelists wrote. Bultmann's 1921 History of the Synoptic Tradition is the method's most systematic statement. The core conviction is that form and function are linked: a unit's genre points to the recurring life-setting, the Sitz im Leben, in which the community used it.	Intertextuality analysis studies how one text invokes another, and in biblical studies it focuses on the dense web of allusion and echo by which later scripture reuses earlier scripture. When Paul quotes, paraphrases, or faintly echoes Israel's scriptures, the borrowed words carry their old context into the new, enriching and sometimes reshaping the meaning. Richard B. Hays's 1989 Echoes of Scripture in the Letters of Paul made this study rigorous by proposing a set of criteria for deciding when an apparent echo is real and what it does. Drawing the term intertextuality from literary theory but giving it a controlled, text-critical application, Hays distinguished quotation, allusion, and the faintest echo, and showed how an evoked source text can transform a passage through the figure of metalepsis. The method gives disciplined criteria for a notoriously slippery interpretive judgment.