Comparer des méthodes

	Évaluation d'impact environnemental	Modélisation de la contamination des eaux souterraines
Domaine	Génie de l'environnement	Génie de l'environnement
Famille	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Année d'origine	1970	1988
Auteur d'origine	U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)	USGS and hydrogeology researchers
Type	systematic assessment and decision-support pipeline	numerical simulation pipeline
Source fondatrice	Glasson, J., Therivel, R., & Chadwick, A. (2005). Introduction to Environmental Impact Assessment (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-0415303910	Fetter, C. W., Boving, T. B., & Kreamer, D. K. (2018). Contaminant Hydrogeology (3rd ed.). Waveland Press. ISBN: 978-1478625315
Alias	EIA, impact assessment, environmental screening, cumulative effects assessment	groundwater transport, contaminant plume modeling, subsurface flow and transport, GWHC modeling
Apparentées	4	3
Résumé	Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic, structured process to identify, predict, and evaluate the environmental and social consequences of proposed development projects (infrastructure, extraction, manufacturing) before implementation. Mandated by law in most jurisdictions since the 1970s (NEPA in USA, EU Directive 2011/92/EU), EIA integrates scientific analysis of air quality, water resources, biodiversity, noise, and socioeconomic effects with stakeholder consultation and decision-making frameworks to inform project approval, design modification, or rejection.	Groundwater contamination modeling is a quantitative approach to predict the migration of dissolved and suspended contaminants (chemical spills, landfill leachate, petroleum, radionuclides) through subsurface aquifers and toward receptors (drinking water wells, surface water bodies, ecosystems). Developed systematically in the 1980s–1990s by the USGS and hydrogeologists, these models couple flow equations (Darcy's law) with advection-dispersion transport and geochemical reactions to forecast contaminant arrival times and plume extent.