مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	نرم‌افزارهای تشخیص شباهت Turnitin و iThenticate	تشخیص تفاوت بین تشابه و سرقت علمی	سرقت ادبی لفظی
حوزه	اخلاق پژوهش	اخلاق پژوهش	اخلاق پژوهش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1997	2000s	1950s
پدیدآور	Turnitin (1997), iThenticate (commercial variant)	Academic integrity frameworks and plagiarism detection software companies	Academic integrity framework (modern definition)
نوع	Tool	Concept	Concept
منبع بنیادین	Turnitin. (2023). Turnitin similarity detection and plagiarism detection technology. Retrieved from https://www.turnitin.com/products/similarity	Hirsch, L. R. (2013). Recognizing plagiarism: A guide for academic professionals. Teaching Professor Blog.	Council of Canadian Academies (2019). The state of science and technology in Canada. Ottawa: Council of Canadian Academies.
نام‌های دیگر	text-matching software, plagiarism detection software, similarity detection, originality reports	similarity index, turnitin score, similarity percentage	direct plagiarism, copy-and-paste plagiarism, literal copying
مرتبط	2	4	4
خلاصه	Turnitin and iThenticate are commercial text-matching software tools used by educational institutions and academic journals to screen submissions for potential plagiarism. Turnitin is designed for student assignments; iThenticate is designed for researcher manuscripts. Both tools compare submitted text against billions of sources (web pages, academic databases, previously submitted documents) and generate a Similarity Index showing what percentage of the submission matches existing sources. These tools are screening instruments, not plagiarism detectors—they flag suspicious content for human review.	A critical distinction exists between similarity percentages generated by plagiarism detection software (Turnitin, iThenticate) and an actual plagiarism verdict. A similarity index is a red flag requiring review; it is not a plagiarism determination. High similarity can result from legitimate quotations, references, shared technical language, or common knowledge. Conversely, low similarity does not guarantee absence of plagiarism. Human expert judgment is essential—similarity detection software provides data, not judgment.	Verbatim plagiarism is the most straightforward and recognizable form of academic misconduct: copying text word-for-word from a source without quotation marks, citation, or attribution. It is the most easily detected form of plagiarism and carries severe institutional and career consequences.