مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تطابق امتیاز تمایل مکانی (Spatial Propensity Score Matching)	متغیرهای ابزاری فضایی (Spatial IV / Spatial 2SLS)
حوزه	استنتاج علّی	استنتاج علّی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	2000s	1988-1998
پدیدآور	Extension of Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983) PSM to spatial settings; spatial adaptation developed in applied econometrics and epidemiology literature from the 2000s onward	Kelejian & Prucha (generalized spatial 2SLS); Anselin (spatial econometrics framework)
نوع	Quasi-experimental matching estimator	Quasi-experimental causal inference with spatial dependence
منبع بنیادین	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55.	Kelejian, H. H., & Prucha, I. R. (1998). A Generalized Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares Procedure for Estimating a Spatial Autoregressive Model with Autoregressive Disturbances. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 17(1), 99-121.
نام‌های دیگر	Spatial PSM, Geospatial PSM, Spatially-adjusted propensity score matching, Geographic propensity score matching	Spatial IV, Spatial 2SLS, Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares, S-IV
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	Spatial Propensity Score Matching (Spatial PSM) extends the classic propensity score matching framework to settings where units are embedded in geographic space and treatment assignment or outcomes may be spatially correlated. By incorporating spatial covariates and adjacency structure into the propensity model and matching procedure, it produces causal estimates that account for geographic confounding and spillover effects.	Spatial Instrumental Variables (Spatial IV) is a causal inference method for settings where units — regions, firms, neighborhoods — are spatially interdependent, creating endogeneity that standard IV approaches ignore. It constructs instruments from the spatially lagged values of exogenous characteristics of neighboring units, then applies two-stage least squares to recover unbiased causal estimates in the presence of both endogenous regressors and spatial autocorrelation.