مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	Redaction Criticism	Form Criticism
حوزه	Religious Studies	Religious Studies
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1969	1921
پدیدآور	Günther Bornkamm, Hans Conzelmann, Willi Marxsen; introduced to English by Norman Perrin	Hermann Gunkel (Old Testament); Rudolf Bultmann & Martin Dibelius (New Testament)
نوع	Editorial-analysis pipeline recovering the final author's theology	Genre-classification and tradition-history pipeline for oral pre-literary units
منبع بنیادین	Perrin, N. (1969). What Is Redaction Criticism? Philadelphia: Fortress Press. ISBN: 9780800601812	Bultmann, R. (1963). The History of the Synoptic Tradition (trans. J. Marsh). New York: Harper & Row. [German original 1921]. ISBN: 9780060611729
نام‌های دیگر	Redaktionsgeschichte, Composition Criticism, Editorial Criticism, Redaction-Critical Analysis	Formgeschichte, Form-Critical Analysis, Genre Criticism of Scripture, Tradition History
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Redaction criticism (Redaktionsgeschichte) studies the biblical authors not as passive collectors of tradition but as genuine authors and theologians who shaped their inherited material to make a point. Where form criticism dissolved the Gospels into independent oral units, redaction criticism puts the spotlight back on the evangelist who selected, arranged, and edited those units. By comparing the final text with the sources and traditions behind it, the critic isolates the changes the author made, looks for a consistent pattern in those changes, and reads off the theological program that motivated them. Hans Conzelmann's 1953 study of Luke is the classic example, and Norman Perrin's 1969 primer What Is Redaction Criticism? introduced the method to English readers and articulated its logic.	Form criticism (Formgeschichte) studies the small, originally oral units that make up the biblical text, asking what genre each unit belongs to, what social setting gave rise to it, and how it developed before reaching written form. Hermann Gunkel pioneered the approach for the Hebrew Bible, treating the narratives of Genesis and the Psalms as folk forms shaped by communal use, while Rudolf Bultmann and Martin Dibelius applied it to the Gospels, analyzing the sayings and stories about Jesus as units that circulated and were shaped by the early church before the evangelists wrote. Bultmann's 1921 History of the Synoptic Tradition is the method's most systematic statement. The core conviction is that form and function are linked: a unit's genre points to the recurring life-setting, the Sitz im Leben, in which the community used it.