مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی عملگرایانه	آزمایش بالینی تصادفی تطبیقی
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	اپیدمیولوژی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1967	Late 1990s–2000s (widespread adoption post-2010)
پدیدآور	Daniel Schwartz & Joseph Lellouch	Donald Berry and colleagues; formalized by FDA guidance in 2010 and 2019
نوع	Interventional study design	Experimental clinical trial design
منبع بنیادین	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Berry, D. A. (2006). Bayesian clinical trials. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5(1), 27–36.
نام‌های دیگر	pragmatic RCT, effectiveness trial, real-world RCT, practical clinical trial	adaptive RCT, adaptive trial design, response-adaptive randomization trial, adaptive clinical trial
مرتبط	6	6
خلاصه	A pragmatic randomized clinical trial (pragmatic RCT) is an interventional study that tests whether a treatment works under routine clinical conditions, as opposed to the tightly controlled setting of an explanatory trial. It prioritizes broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and patient-relevant outcomes to answer the question 'Does this treatment work in everyday practice?' rather than 'Can this treatment work under ideal circumstances?' The distinction between pragmatic and explanatory trials was formally articulated by Schwartz and Lellouch in 1967 and operationalized by the PRECIS tool in 2009.	An adaptive randomized clinical trial (adaptive RCT) is a prospective experimental study that uses pre-specified rules to modify one or more trial aspects — such as sample size, allocation ratios, or treatment arms — based on accumulating data collected during the trial itself, while maintaining statistical validity and integrity of the study.