مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مجموعه موارد عمل‌گرایانه	کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی عملگرایانه
حوزه	اپیدمیولوژی	اپیدمیولوژی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Pragmatic framing formalized 1967; case series practice predates 20th century	1967
پدیدآور	Pragmatic framework: Schwartz & Lellouch (1967); case series design: longstanding clinical tradition	Daniel Schwartz & Joseph Lellouch
نوع	Observational descriptive study	Interventional study design
منبع بنیادین	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.	Schwartz, D., & Lellouch, J. (1967). Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 20(8), 637–648.
نام‌های دیگر	real-world case series, pragmatic observational case series, practice-based case series	pragmatic RCT, effectiveness trial, real-world RCT, practical clinical trial
مرتبط	5	6
خلاصه	A pragmatic case series is an observational study that documents consecutive or purposively selected patients receiving a clinical intervention or presenting with a condition under routine, real-world practice conditions — without randomization, a control group, or the highly controlled eligibility criteria characteristic of explanatory trials. It is used to describe treatment patterns, outcomes, and adverse events as they occur in everyday clinical settings.	A pragmatic randomized clinical trial (pragmatic RCT) is an interventional study that tests whether a treatment works under routine clinical conditions, as opposed to the tightly controlled setting of an explanatory trial. It prioritizes broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and patient-relevant outcomes to answer the question 'Does this treatment work in everyday practice?' rather than 'Can this treatment work under ideal circumstances?' The distinction between pragmatic and explanatory trials was formally articulated by Schwartz and Lellouch in 1967 and operationalized by the PRECIS tool in 2009.