مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	فرایند داوری همتا	معیارهای نویسندگی ICMJE
حوزه	اخلاق انتشار	اخلاق انتشار
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1665	1978
پدیدآور	Scientific publishing community; formalized by journals and COPE	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)
نوع	Process	Standard
منبع بنیادین	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines: Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers. COPE.	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (2023). Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. ICMJE.
نام‌های دیگر	Peer Reviewing, Manuscript Evaluation, Scholarly Review	ICMJE Authorship, Authorship Guidelines
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Peer review is the process by which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the same field before publication in academic journals. Reviewers assess the manuscript's scientific merit, methodology, clarity, and contribution to the field. Established in 1665 with the first scientific journal (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society), peer review remains the gold standard for quality control in academic publishing. Despite ongoing criticism and proposals for alternatives, peer review continues to filter low-quality and unethical work, though it is imperfect and sometimes slow.	The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) established the most widely adopted authorship standard in biomedical research in 1978. These criteria define who qualifies as an author and distinguish authors from contributors, establishing accountability and preventing disputes over publication credit. Used by over 10,000 journals globally, ICMJE authorship criteria form the foundation of authorship practices in medical, life science, and health-related research.