مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مقیاس خودارزیابی شایستگی ایمنی بیمار (PSCS)	مقیاس محیط یادگیری بالینی با زیرمقیاس بازخورد معلم (CLES+T)
حوزه	آموزش سلامت	آموزش سلامت
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2012	2007–2008
پدیدآور	Lachman et al.; adapted from Reason's error theory	Marja Saarikoski, Hanne Leino-Kilpi, Tony Warne
نوع	Self-assessment questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
منبع بنیادین	Reason, J. (2000). Human error: Models and management. BMJ 320(7237): 768–770.	Saarikoski, M., Isoaho, H., Warne, T., & Leino-Kilpi, H. (2008). The nurse teacher in clinical practice: Developing the new sub-dimension for the Clinical Learning Environment Supervision and Nurse Teacher (CLES+T) evaluation scale. Int J Nurs Stud 45(8): 1233–1237.
نام‌های دیگر	Safety Competence Scale, Patient Safety Awareness, Safety Culture Assessment	CLES, CLES+T Scale, Clinical Learning Environment Supervision Scale
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	The PSCS is a self-report instrument measuring healthcare students' and professionals' self-perceived competence in patient safety practices, safety awareness, and safety culture engagement. Developed by Lachman and informed by James Reason's theoretical framework of human error and systems thinking, the PSCS evaluates the degree to which individuals understand safety principles, recognize hazards, report incidents, collaborate on safety issues, and contribute to a culture of safety. The scale is used in healthcare education and quality improvement to assess baseline safety competence, evaluate safety training effectiveness, and identify gaps in safety culture understanding.	The CLES+T is a 34-item self-report questionnaire measuring nursing students' perceptions of their clinical learning environment and the quality of supervision received from their clinical preceptor or teacher. Originally developed by Saarikoski and colleagues in 2007 and expanded in 2008 to include a specific teacher feedback dimension, the CLES+T evaluates five key domains: Ward Learning Environment, Supervisory Relationship, Feedback and Evaluation, Nurse Teacher's Pedagogical Competence, and Empowerment. The scale is widely used in nursing education to assess the quality of clinical placements and identify areas for educational improvement.