مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	کدگذاری باز	تحلیل محتوا	تحلیل گفتمان	تحلیل روایی
حوزه	کیفی	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1967 (Glaser & Strauss); refined 1990 (Strauss & Corbin)	Systematised through Krippendorff's methodology work; 4th edition 2018	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)	1967 (foundational); 2008 (canonical handbook)
پدیدآور	Barney G. Glaser & Anselm L. Strauss (classic grounded theory); elaborated by Anselm Strauss & Juliet Corbin	Klaus Krippendorff (systematic formulation); roots in early 20th-century communications research	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell	Catherine Kohler Riessman (seminal synthesis, 2008); roots in Labov & Waletzky (1967)
نوع	Qualitative research method	Qualitative / mixed-method research technique	Method	Qualitative interpretive method
منبع بنیادین	Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0803959408	Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506395661	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.	Riessman, C.K. (2008). Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Sage.
نام‌های دیگر	initial coding, open categorisation, substantive coding	İçerik Analizi, systematic content coding, quantitative content analysis	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis	narrative inquiry, life history analysis, biographical research, Anlatı Analizi (Narrative Analysis)
مرتبط	6	5	2	6
خلاصه	Open coding is the first, exploratory phase of qualitative data analysis in which raw text — interviews, field notes, or documents — is broken into discrete segments and labelled with short descriptive codes. Developed within grounded theory by Glaser and Strauss and later elaborated by Strauss and Corbin, the procedure is deliberately open and inductive: the analyst reads line-by-line without imposing a predetermined framework, allowing concepts to emerge directly from the data. The resulting codes are then compared and grouped into provisional categories that become the building blocks for subsequent, more selective analysis.	Content analysis is a systematic research technique for reducing text, visual, or media material into coded categories so that patterns can be counted, compared, and interpreted. Formalised by Klaus Krippendorff in his widely cited methodology textbook (latest edition 2018), the method sits at the boundary of qualitative and quantitative inquiry: it imposes structured, replicable coding on inherently meaning-laden material.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.	Narrative analysis is a qualitative research method, synthesised canonically by Catherine Kohler Riessman (2008), that examines how individuals storise their lived experiences and construct meaning through the telling. Drawing on life history, biographical, and narrative inquiry traditions, it treats the story itself — not just its content — as the unit of analysis, attending to temporal sequence, plot structure, and the social context in which a narrative is produced.