مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	چندگانه سازی	نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای
حوزه	آمار	روش‌شناسی پیمایش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1987	1977
پدیدآور	Donald B. Rubin	William G. Cochran
نوع	Missing-data handling procedure	Probability-based survey sampling design
منبع بنیادین	Rubin, D.B. (1987). Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. Wiley.	Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-471-16240-7
نام‌های دیگر	MICE, Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations, Çoklu Atama (Multiple Imputation — MICE)	Proportional Stratified Sampling, Optimal Allocation Sampling, Stratum-Based Sampling, Tabakalı Örnekleme
مرتبط	1	2
خلاصه	Multiple Imputation (MI), formally introduced by Donald B. Rubin in 1987, is a principled statistical procedure for handling missing data. Rather than replacing each missing value once, MI fills the gaps m times — each time drawing plausible values from the posterior predictive distribution of the missing data — producing m complete datasets. Each dataset is analysed independently, and the results are combined into a single set of estimates using Rubin's pooling rules. The MICE variant (Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations), popularised by van Buuren and Groothuis-Oudshoorn (2011), extends the approach to mixed variable types by imputing each variable in turn through a sequence of conditional regression models.	Stratified sampling is a probability sampling design in which the target population is partitioned into non-overlapping, exhaustive subgroups called strata, and independent probability samples are drawn within each stratum. Formalized by William G. Cochran in Sampling Techniques (1977), the method exploits known population structure to reduce variance and guarantee representativeness of all major subgroups, making it a cornerstone of large-scale survey research and official statistics.