مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	نظریه تعمیم‌پذیری (G-Theory)	مدل لجستیک دو پارامتری نظریه پاسخ به سؤال (2PL)	تحلیل عاملی تأییدی	قابلیت اطمینان بین ارزیاب (کاپای کوهن و ضریب همبستگی درون‌گروهی)
حوزه	روان‌سنجی	روان‌سنجی	روان‌سنجی	روان‌سنجی
خانواده	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
سال پیدایش	1963	1980	1969	1960 (kappa); 1979 (ICC)
پدیدآور	Lee J. Cronbach and colleagues	Frederic M. Lord	Karl Jöreskog	Cohen (kappa, 1960); Shrout & Fleiss (ICC, 1979)
نوع	ANOVA-based variance-component framework	Item response model / latent trait model	Measurement model / latent variable analysis	Reliability / agreement analysis
منبع بنیادین	Brennan, R. L. (2001). Generalizability Theory. Springer.	Lord, F. M. (1980). Applications of Item Response Theory to Practical Testing Problems. Erlbaum.	Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462515363	Cohen, J. (1960). A Coefficient of Agreement for Nominal Scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37–46.
نام‌های دیگر	Generalizability Theory, G-Study / D-Study framework, Genellenebilirlik Kuramı (G-Kuramı)	two-parameter logistic model, 2PL model, 2PL IRT — İki Parametreli Madde Tepki Modeli	Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi — Ölçek Doğrulama (CFA), confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model testing	inter-rater reliability, interrater agreement, rater agreement, Değerlendiriciler Arası Güvenilirlik (Cohen's κ, ICC)
مرتبط	6	6	6	6
خلاصه	Generalizability Theory, developed by Lee J. Cronbach and colleagues in the 1960s and formalised by Brennan (2001), is an ANOVA-based framework that extends Classical Test Theory by decomposing observed score variance into multiple, separately identified sources of measurement error — such as raters, tasks, occasions, or items — rather than bundling all error into a single undifferentiated term.	The two-parameter logistic item response model, formalised by Frederic Lord (1980), describes the probability that a respondent answers a binary test item correctly as a smooth S-shaped function of the respondent's latent ability. By estimating a separate discrimination parameter for each item alongside a difficulty parameter, 2PL allows items to differ in how sharply they distinguish high- from low-ability respondents — making it the standard model for large-scale educational and psychological assessments.	Confirmatory factor analysis is a measurement modelling technique that tests whether a hypothesised factor structure — typically derived from theory or an earlier exploratory analysis — fits observed data from a new sample. Developed by Karl Jöreskog in 1969, it became the dominant tool for validating psychological scales because it requires the researcher to specify in advance which items belong to which latent factor and then assesses the adequacy of that specification against explicit statistical fit criteria.	Interrater reliability quantifies the degree to which two or more independent raters produce consistent scores when evaluating the same individuals or products. The family encompasses Cohen's kappa, introduced in 1960 for categorical judgments, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for continuous ratings, together spanning most measurement scenarios encountered in behavioral, health, and educational research.