مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تحلیل فراوانی	تحلیل جدول ترکیبی	آمار توصیفی
حوزه	آمار	آمار	آمار
خانواده	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
سال پیدایش	19th century	1900	1977
پدیدآور	Classical statistics (no single inventor)	Karl Pearson	John W. Tukey
نوع	Descriptive summary	Descriptive and inferential categorical analysis	Summary procedure
منبع بنیادین	Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics (4th ed.). SAGE. ISBN: 978-1446249185	Pearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175.	Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley. ISBN: 978-0201076165
نام‌های دیگر	frequency distribution, frequency table, tally analysis, count analysis	crosstab, contingency table analysis, two-way frequency table, bivariate frequency analysis	summary statistics, exploratory data summary, Betimsel İstatistik
مرتبط	3	5	6
خلاصه	Frequency analysis is a fundamental descriptive technique that tallies how often each distinct value or category appears in a dataset. It produces absolute counts, relative percentages, and cumulative frequencies, giving an immediate picture of how observations are distributed across categories. It is the natural first step when exploring categorical or discrete variables before applying inferential tests.	Cross-tabulation analysis (contingency table analysis) is a foundational descriptive and inferential technique for examining the relationship between two or more categorical variables. It arranges observed frequencies into a table of rows and columns, enabling visual inspection of patterns and formal chi-square testing of independence between the variables.	Descriptive statistics is a set of procedures that numerically and visually summarises the essential characteristics of a dataset: central tendency (mean, median, mode), spread (standard deviation, interquartile range), shape (skewness, kurtosis), and frequency distributions. Systematised for applied data analysis by John W. Tukey in his 1977 work on Exploratory Data Analysis, descriptive statistics serves as the indispensable first step before any inferential or modelling procedure.