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حوزهآمارآمار
خانوادهHypothesis testHypothesis test
سال پیدایش19001977
پدیدآورKarl PearsonJohn W. Tukey
نوعDescriptive and inferential categorical analysisSummary procedure
منبع بنیادینPearson, K. (1900). On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling. Philosophical Magazine, 50(302), 157–175. DOI ↗Tukey, J.W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley. ISBN: 978-0201076165
نام‌های دیگرcrosstab, contingency table analysis, two-way frequency table, bivariate frequency analysissummary statistics, exploratory data summary, Betimsel İstatistik
مرتبط56
خلاصهCross-tabulation analysis (contingency table analysis) is a foundational descriptive and inferential technique for examining the relationship between two or more categorical variables. It arranges observed frequencies into a table of rows and columns, enabling visual inspection of patterns and formal chi-square testing of independence between the variables.Descriptive statistics is a set of procedures that numerically and visually summarises the essential characteristics of a dataset: central tendency (mean, median, mode), spread (standard deviation, interquartile range), shape (skewness, kurtosis), and frequency distributions. Systematised for applied data analysis by John W. Tukey in his 1977 work on Exploratory Data Analysis, descriptive statistics serves as the indispensable first step before any inferential or modelling procedure.
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ScholarGateمقایسهٔ روش‌ها: Cross-tabulation analysis · Descriptive Statistics. بازیابی‌شده در 2026-06-17 از https://scholargate.app/fa/compare