مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تحلیل گفتمان فوکویی	تحلیل گفتمان	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1960s–1970s (The Order of Things 1966; The Archaeology of Knowledge 1969; Discipline and Punish 1975)	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Michel Foucault	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative research method	Method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language. Pantheon Books.	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	FDA, Foucauldian analysis, genealogical discourse analysis, archaeological discourse analysis	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	2	5
خلاصه	Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA) is a qualitative method that examines how language, texts, and social practices produce knowledge, construct subjects, and exercise power. Drawing on Michel Foucault's archaeological and genealogical frameworks, FDA investigates the historical and institutional conditions that make certain statements possible, acceptable, and 'true' while silencing others. It is widely applied in critical social science, health, education, and policy research to expose how dominant discourses shape what can be said, known, and done within a given social field.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.