مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	قوم‌نگاری	نظریه داده‌بنیاد	پژوهش روایی
حوزه	کیفی	پژوهش کیفی	پژوهش کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1967	2000
پدیدآور	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss	D. Jean Clandinin and F. Michael Connelly
نوع	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Method	Method
منبع بنیادین	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.	Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass.
نام‌های دیگر	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	GT, Grounded Theory Approach	Narrative Analysis, Narrative Research, Life Story Method
مرتبط	5	3	3
خلاصه	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.	Narrative inquiry is a qualitative research methodology that treats stories and life narratives as primary data, analyzing how individuals construct meaning and identity through storytelling. Developed by D. Jean Clandinin and F. Michael Connelly (2000), narrative inquiry examines the narratives people tell about their lives, experiences, and transitions, understanding that people make sense of experience through narrative.