مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش عملی آموزشی	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	روش‌های میدانی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1940s (Lewin); educational context developed 1970s–1980s	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations); Lawrence Stenhouse and John Elliott (educational adaptation)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Participatory qualitative research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Elliott, J. (1991). Action Research for Educational Change. Open University Press. ISBN: 978-0335096190	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	EAR, practitioner research, teacher action research, classroom action research	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	Educational action research is a cyclical, practitioner-led inquiry method in which educators systematically investigate a problem or opportunity in their own classroom or school, implement a change, observe its effects, and reflect on findings to guide the next cycle. Rooted in Kurt Lewin's action research framework and developed for educational contexts by Lawrence Stenhouse and John Elliott, it bridges the gap between educational theory and classroom practice by making teachers agents of rigorous inquiry.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.