مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	برآورد دوگانه استوار در پژوهش‌های آموزشی	برآورد دوگانه استوار (AIPW)
حوزه	استنتاج علّی	استنتاج علّی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1994-2005	2005
پدیدآور	Robins, Rotnitzky & Zhao (1994); Bang & Robins (2005)	Robins & Rotnitzky; Bang & Robins
نوع	Causal inference / semiparametric estimator	Semiparametric causal estimator
منبع بنیادین	Bang, H., & Robins, J. M. (2005). Doubly Robust Estimation in Missing Data and Causal Inference Models. Biometrics, 61(4), 962-973.	Robins, J. M. & Rotnitzky, A. (1995). Semiparametric Efficiency in Multivariate Regression Models with Missing Data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(429), 122-129.
نام‌های دیگر	DR estimator in education, AIPW in education, augmented IPW in education research, doubly robust causal estimation for educational outcomes	AIPW, augmented inverse probability weighting, doubly robust estimator, Çift Gürbüz Kestirici (Augmented IPW / AIPW)
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	Doubly robust estimation (DR) is a semiparametric causal inference approach that combines an outcome regression model with a propensity score model. In education research, it is used to estimate the causal effect of educational programs, interventions, or policies on student outcomes when treatment assignment is non-random but observed covariates can account for selection bias. The estimator is consistent if either — not necessarily both — of the two component models is correctly specified.	Doubly Robust Estimation, also called Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting (AIPW), is a semiparametric method for estimating causal treatment effects that combines an outcome regression model with a propensity (treatment) model. Developed in the work of Robins & Rotnitzky (1995) and Bang & Robins (2005), it stays consistent as long as at least one of the two models is correctly specified.