مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تفاوت-در-تفاوت در پژوهش‌های آموزشی	مدل اثرات ثابت داده‌های پانل
حوزه	استنتاج علّی	اقتصادسنجی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1990s–2000s	2014
پدیدآور	Dynarski, Card, Angrist, and colleagues — applied in education economics from the 1990s onward	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
نوع	Quasi-experimental causal inference	Panel data regression
منبع بنیادین	Dynarski, S. M. (2003). Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion. American Economic Review, 93(1), 279-288.	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
نام‌های دیگر	DiD in education, education DiD, quasi-experimental education design, education policy DiD	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	Difference-in-Differences (DiD) in education research applies the classic quasi-experimental DiD estimator to evaluate education policies, programs, and reforms. Researchers compare changes in student, school, or district outcomes between a group exposed to an intervention and a comparable unexposed group across pre- and post-intervention periods, isolating policy effects from background trends.	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).