مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	تخمین‌گر GMM تفاضلی (تخمین‌گر آرِلیانو-باند)	مدل داده‌های پانل پویا
حوزه	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی
خانواده	Regression model	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1991	1988–1991
پدیدآور	Manuel Arellano and Stephen Bond	Arellano & Bond (1991); Holtz-Eakin, Newey & Rosen (1988)
نوع	GMM panel estimator	Dynamic regression / GMM estimation
منبع بنیادین	Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297.	Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297.
نام‌های دیگر	Arellano-Bond estimator, AB-GMM, first-difference GMM, difference GMM estimator	dynamic panel model, panel data model with lagged dependent variable, DPD model, Arellano-Bond model
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	Difference GMM, introduced by Arellano and Bond (1991), estimates dynamic panel data models by first-differencing the equation to remove fixed effects, then using lagged levels of the endogenous variables as GMM instruments. It is the standard approach when a lagged dependent variable or other endogenous regressors are present in a panel with many units and few time periods.	The dynamic panel data model extends standard panel regression by including a lagged value of the outcome variable as a regressor, capturing persistence and adjustment dynamics. Because the lagged dependent variable is correlated with the unit-specific fixed effect, ordinary OLS or within estimators are biased; GMM-based methods using internal instruments are the standard remedy.