مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	به اشتراک‌گذاری داده و علم باز	فرایند داوری همتا
حوزه	اخلاق انتشار	اخلاق انتشار
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	2010	1665
پدیدآور	Open science movement; Center for Open Science; funding agencies (NIH, EU, NSF)	Scientific publishing community; formalized by journals and COPE
نوع	Framework	Process
منبع بنیادین	Open Science Framework (2023). OSF. Center for Open Science.	Committee on Publication Ethics (2023). COPE Guidelines: Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers. COPE.
نام‌های دیگر	Open Data, Research Data Sharing, Research Reproducibility	Peer Reviewing, Manuscript Evaluation, Scholarly Review
مرتبط	4	4
خلاصه	Data sharing and open science are practices that maximize research transparency and reproducibility by making raw data, analysis code, and methods publicly available alongside publications. The replication crisis (widespread failure to reproduce published findings in psychology, medicine, and other fields) revealed that traditional publication—focusing on novel results—incentivizes selective reporting and p-hacking. Open science practices (preregistration, data sharing, code sharing, open materials) aim to reduce bias and enable independent verification. Major funders (NIH, NSF, EU) now mandate open science practices, and many journals require data availability statements or code repositories.	Peer review is the process by which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the same field before publication in academic journals. Reviewers assess the manuscript's scientific merit, methodology, clarity, and contribution to the field. Established in 1665 with the first scientific journal (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society), peer review remains the gold standard for quality control in academic publishing. Despite ongoing criticism and proposals for alternatives, peer review continues to filter low-quality and unethical work, though it is imperfect and sometimes slow.