مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مقیاس افسردگی اضطراب استرس-۲۱ (DASS-21)	مقیاس اضطراب و افسردگی بیمارستان (HADS)	مقیاس ارزیابی خلق مثبت و منفی (PANAS)
حوزه	روان‌شناسی بالینی	روان‌شناسی بالینی	روان‌شناسی بالینی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1995	1983	1988
پدیدآور	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith	David Watson, Lee Anna Clark, and Auke Tellegen
نوع	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations	Mood and affect self-assessment
منبع بنیادین	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.	Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
نام‌های دیگر	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D	PANAS, PANAS-X
مرتبط	5	4	5
خلاصه	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.	The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.