مقایسهٔ روشها
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| بازه اطمینان× | اندازه اثر (Effect Size)× | |
|---|---|---|
| حوزه | آمار پژوهش | آمار پژوهش |
| خانواده | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| سال پیدایش≠ | 1937 | 1988 |
| پدیدآور≠ | Jerzy Neyman | Jacob Cohen |
| نوع | Concept | Concept |
| منبع بنیادین≠ | Neyman, J. (1937). Outline of a Theory of Statistical Estimation Based on the Classical Theory of Probability. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 236, 333–380. DOI ↗ | Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-0283-5 |
| نامهای دیگر | CI, 95% CI, credible interval, interval estimate | ES, Cohen's d, standardized effect, practical significance |
| مرتبط | 4 | 4 |
| خلاصه≠ | A confidence interval (CI) is a range of values, calculated from sample data, that likely contains the true population parameter. Introduced by Jerzy Neyman in 1937, it provides an interval estimate rather than a single point estimate, incorporating both the observed value and the uncertainty around it. The standard 95% confidence interval is a robust, intuitive alternative to p-values for communicating research results. | Effect size quantifies the magnitude of a research finding independent of sample size. While a p-value tells you whether a result is statistically significant, an effect size tells you how big the result is. Jacob Cohen formalized effect size measurement in behavioral sciences (1988), establishing standard benchmarks (small = 0.2, medium = 0.5, large = 0.8 for Cohen's d). Effect sizes are essential for meta-analysis, power analysis, and communicating the practical importance of research findings. |
| ScholarGateمجموعهداده ↗ |
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