مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش توصیفی مقایسه‌ای	طراحی مقایسه‌ای-علی (پس‌نگر)	پژوهش پیمایشی
حوزه	طراحی پژوهش	طراحی پژوهش	طراحی پژوهش
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	Mid-20th century, formalized in research methods texts from the 1960s onward	1964	Late 19th century; methodologically systematised 1940s–1960s
پدیدآور	Codified in educational and behavioral research methods literature; no single originator	Fred N. Kerlinger	Francis Galton, Charles Booth, and early social statisticians; systematised by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues at Columbia in the 1940s
نوع	Non-experimental quantitative research design	Non-experimental quantitative research design	Quantitative (and mixed) non-experimental design
منبع بنیادین	Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0078097874	Kerlinger, F. N. (1964). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.	Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1452259000
نام‌های دیگر	comparative survey design, descriptive comparative study, group-comparison descriptive research, CDR	ex post facto research, causal-comparative design, retrospective causal study, CCR	survey methodology, questionnaire research, survey design, survey study
مرتبط	3	3	4
خلاصه	Comparative descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, or conditions across two or more naturally occurring groups, then places those descriptions side by side to identify similarities and differences. Unlike causal-comparative designs, it makes no claim about why groups differ — it rigorously answers the question 'How do these groups compare on this characteristic?' without manipulating any variable.	Causal-comparative research is a non-experimental quantitative design in which the researcher compares two or more groups that already differ on an independent variable — one that was not manipulated — to investigate possible causes or consequences of that difference. Because group membership is pre-existing rather than randomly assigned, the design can suggest causal relationships but cannot establish them with the certainty of a true experiment. It is widely used in education, psychology, and social sciences when experimental manipulation is impractical or unethical.	Survey research is a quantitative (and sometimes mixed-methods) design in which a researcher collects standardised self-report data from a sample drawn from a defined population, using a questionnaire or structured interview. It is the dominant non-experimental strategy for describing population characteristics, estimating prevalence, mapping attitude distributions, and testing bivariate or multivariate associations across social, behavioural, and health sciences.