مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مشاهده کلاسی	قوم‌نگاری
حوزه	روش‌های میدانی	کیفی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1960s (Flanders Interaction Analysis); refined through 1990s–2000s	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
پدیدآور	Ned Flanders (systematic interaction analysis); Robert Pianta et al. (CLASS system)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
نوع	Qualitative and quantitative observational research	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
منبع بنیادین	Flanders, N. A. (1970). Analyzing Teaching Behavior. Addison-Wesley.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
نام‌های دیگر	classroom observation research, structured classroom observation, instructional observation, lesson observation	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
مرتبط	6	5
خلاصه	Classroom observation is a field research method in which a trained observer systematically watches, documents, and analyzes teaching and learning events as they occur in a real classroom setting. It can be structured (using a predefined coding instrument such as Flanders Interaction Analysis or CLASS), semi-structured, or open-ended (ethnographic notes), and is used across educational research, teacher professional development, school evaluation, and curriculum studies to generate ecologically valid evidence about instructional practice.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.