مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	مقیاس افسردگی مرکز مطالعات اپیدمیولوژیک (CES-D)	مقیاس افسردگی اضطراب استرس-۲۱ (DASS-21)	مقیاس اضطراب و افسردگی بیمارستان (HADS)	مقیاس ۱۰ گانه اختلال روانی کسلر (K10)
حوزه	روان‌شناسی بالینی	روان‌شناسی بالینی	روان‌شناسی بالینی	روان‌شناسی بالینی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1977	1995	1983	2002
پدیدآور	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith	Ronald C. Kessler and colleagues
نوع	Community-based depression assessment	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations	Non-specific psychological distress screening
منبع بنیادین	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.	Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. Y., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., ... & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959-976.
نام‌های دیگر	CES-D, CESD	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D	K10, K6, Kessler Scale
مرتبط	5	5	4	5
خلاصه	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.	The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 (K10) is a 10-item self-report measure of non-specific psychological distress and mental health problems. Developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2002, the K10 was designed as an ultra-brief screening instrument for population surveys and epidemiological research. A shorter 6-item version (K6) is also widely used for rapid case identification.