مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	اثر شلاق	برنامه‌ریزی نیازمندی‌های مواد
حوزه	مدیریت عملیات	مدیریت عملیات
خانواده	Machine learning	Machine learning
سال پیدایش	1961	1975
پدیدآور	Jay Forrester	Joseph Orlicky
نوع	Phenomenon and analysis framework	Material planning algorithm
منبع بنیادین	Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., & Whang, S. (1997). The bullwhip effect in supply chains. Sloan Management Review, 38(3), 93–102.	Orlicky, J. (1975). Material requirements planning: The new way of life in production and inventory management. New York: McGraw-Hill.
نام‌های دیگر	demand amplification, Forrester effect	MRP, MRP I
مرتبط	5	5
خلاصه	The Bullwhip Effect is a phenomenon in supply chain management where small fluctuations in end-customer demand cause progressively larger fluctuations in orders as one moves upstream from retail to distributors to manufacturers to suppliers. First formally documented by Jay Forrester in his 1961 system dynamics work, and later popularized by Lee, Padmanabhan, and Whang in 1997, the effect reveals how information delays and ordering strategies amplify demand variability throughout supply chains, leading to excess inventory, inefficient production scheduling, and increased costs.	Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a computerized system developed by Joseph Orlicky in the 1970s that calculates material requirements based on master production schedules and bill-of-materials data. MRP determines what materials to buy, how much to order, and when to order them to meet production demand while minimizing inventory carrying costs. It became a foundational technology for manufacturing planning and later evolved into manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.