Regression modelGrey systems
GM(1,1) Grey Forecasting Model
GM(1,1) is the core forecasting model of grey system theory, introduced by Julong Deng in 1982, designed to predict from very few observations and incomplete information — situations where classical time-series models like ARIMA need far more data. It accumulates the raw series to expose a hidden exponential trend, fits a first-order grey differential equation, and projects future values, making it popular in engineering, energy, and management forecasting with short data records.
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Sources
- Deng, J. L. (1982). Control problems of grey systems. Systems & Control Letters, 1(5), 288–294. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-6911(82)80025-X ↗
- Liu, S., & Lin, Y. (2010). Grey Systems: Theory and Applications. Springer. ISBN: 978-3-642-13937-6