Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy

Economic history: labour, demography, and welfare (JEL N3) covers the social and demographic history of economies.

Scope

It includes historical labour markets, demography, living standards, education, health, and inequality.

Sub-topics

• General, International, or Comparative
• U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
• U.S. • Canada: 1913-
• Europe: Pre-1913
• Europe: 1913-
• Asia including Middle East
• Latin America • Caribbean
• Africa • Oceania

Core questions

• How did labour and living standards evolve historically?
• What was the demographic history of economies?
• How did inequality change over time?

Key concepts

• Historical living standards
• Labour history
• Historical demography
• Inequality in history
• Human capital history

Frequently asked questions

How are historical living standards measured?

Through real wages, heights (anthropometrics), and other indicators reconstructed from historical records.