Firefly Algorithm — Swarm Optimization via Bioluminescence

The Firefly Algorithm (FA), introduced by Xin-She Yang in 2008 and formally published in 2010, is a nature-inspired swarm metaheuristic that models the bioluminescent attraction behaviour of fireflies. Each candidate solution is a firefly whose brightness represents its objective-function value; dimmer fireflies move toward brighter ones with an attraction force that decays with distance, driving the swarm toward optima without gradient information.