Process / pipelineCombat exposure assessment
Combat Exposure Scale (CES)
The CES is a 7-item self-report measure of combat exposure developed by Keane and colleagues in 1989. It quantifies the frequency and intensity of combat experiences, including direct fire, causalities witnessed, and hazardous mission environments. It is widely used in veteran research and clinical screening to characterize trauma load and risk for PTSD.
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Sources
- Keane, T. M., Fairbank, J. A., Caddell, J. M., Zimering, R. T., Taylor, K. L., & Mora, C. A. (1989). Clinical evaluation of a measure to assess combat exposure. Psychological Assessment, 1(1), 53-55. DOI: 10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.53 ↗
- Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988). Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD: Three studies in reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 85-90. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.56.1.85 ↗