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15 methods in Education · Research MethodsClear

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education

Classroom Observation Protocol

A classroom observation protocol is a standardized instrument for measuring teaching by having trained observers rate lessons against defined dimensions of practice. Unlike informal walkthroughs, validated protocols such as the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) and the Danielson Framework specify what to look

2 sources2009

education

Concept Mapping Assessment

Concept mapping assessment uses student-generated diagrams of concepts and their relationships to evaluate the structure of knowledge, not just its quantity. A concept map represents ideas as labeled nodes connected by labeled links that form meaningful propositions, often arranged hierarchically with cross-links betwe

2 sources1984

education

Curriculum-Based Measurement

Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is a standardized system of brief, repeated assessments used to monitor a student's academic progress over time. Developed by Stanley Deno and colleagues at the University of Minnesota, CBM uses short, technically adequate probes — such as one-minute oral reading fluency or math compu

2 sources1985

education

Formative Assessment

Formative assessment, or assessment for learning, is the practice of gathering evidence of student understanding during instruction and using it immediately to adjust teaching and to give feedback that moves learning forward. Unlike summative assessment, which measures learning after the fact for grading or accountabil

2 sources1998

education analytics

Knowledge Space Theory

Knowledge Space Theory (KST) is a combinatorial, set-theoretic framework for modeling and assessing human knowledge, introduced by Jean-Paul Doignon and Jean-Claude Falmagne in 1985. It represents a learner's competence as a subset of a problem domain, organizes all feasible competence subsets into a lattice called a k

1 source1985

education analytics

Learning Analytics

Learning Analytics is the measurement, collection, analysis, and reporting of data about learners and their contexts, with the purpose of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs. Formally introduced by George Siemens and Phil Long in 2011, the approach draws on data generated in di

1 source2011

education

Learning Analytics Method

Learning analytics is the measurement, collection, analysis, and reporting of data about learners and their contexts for the purposes of understanding and optimizing learning and the environments in which it occurs. Emerging as a distinct field around 2011, and consolidated through the work of George Siemens, Ryan Bake

2 sources2011

education analytics

Learning Curve

The learning curve models how performance improves predictably as cumulative experience accumulates. Formalized by Theodore Wright in 1936 using aircraft manufacturing data, it expresses the relationship between the number of practice trials (or production units) and the time or cost per unit as a power-law function. I

1 source1936

education

Learning Progressions Analysis

Learning progressions analysis is a methodology for describing and validating the typical paths by which students' understanding of a core concept grows more sophisticated over time. A learning progression hypothesizes an ordered sequence of increasingly advanced ways of thinking — from naive ideas to expert understand

2 sources2009

education

Lesson Study (Collaborative Inquiry)

Lesson study (jugyou kenkyuu) is a collaborative, cyclical form of teacher professional development and practitioner inquiry that originated in Japan. A team of teachers studies the curriculum, sets a shared learning goal, jointly designs a 'research lesson,' has one member teach it while the others observe students cl

2 sources2006

education

Opportunity-to-Learn Index

An opportunity-to-learn (OTL) index quantifies how much exposure students have had to the content and instructional resources they need to succeed on an assessment. Rooted in Carroll's model of school learning and developed through the IEA international studies, OTL measurement asks whether students were actually taugh

2 sources1995

education

Portfolio Assessment

Portfolio assessment evaluates learning through a purposeful collection of a student's work assembled over time rather than through a single test. The portfolio may showcase best work, document growth, or demonstrate mastery against standards, and typically includes student selection and reflection. Articulated for edu

2 sources1992

education

Response to Intervention

Response to intervention (RTI) is a multi-tiered framework for preventing academic failure and identifying students with learning disabilities by their responsiveness to high-quality instruction. All students are screened and taught with evidence-based core instruction; those who fall behind receive progressively more

2 sources2006

education

Rubric Development

Rubric development is the systematic design of criterion-referenced scoring guides for judging complex performance such as writing, projects, presentations, and problem solving. A rubric specifies the dimensions on which work is evaluated and describes, in ordered levels, what each degree of quality looks like. Done we

2 sources2007

education

Think-Aloud Protocol in Education

The think-aloud protocol is a method for making cognition visible by having people verbalize their thoughts while performing a task. In education it is the primary tool for studying response processes — how students actually read, reason about, and answer test items and learning tasks. Grounded in Ericsson and Simon's

2 sources1993