Process / pipelineSchema Design & Data Organization

Database Normalization

Database normalization is a systematic process for organizing relational database schemas to eliminate redundancy and enforce data integrity. Introduced by Edgar Codd in 1970-1971 as part of the relational database model, it defines a series of normal forms (1NF through BCNF) that progressively eliminate different types of data anomalies.

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Sources

  1. Codd, E. F. (1970). A relational model of data for large shared data banks. Communications of the ACM, 13(6), 377-387. DOI: 10.1145/362384.362685
  2. Codd, E. F. (1971). Further normalization of the data base relational model. IBM Research Report RJ892. link
  3. Boyce, R. F., Chamberlin, D. D., King, W. F., & Hammer, M. M. (1975). Specifying and enforcing integrity constraints in SQL. SIGMOD Record, 5(4), 70-77. DOI: 10.1145/1084506.1084515

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Referenced by

ScholarGateDatabase Normalization (Relational Database Normalization). Retrieved 2026-06-04 from https://scholargate.app/en/information-systems/database-normalization