Eulerian-Lagrangian Model

The Eulerian-Lagrangian Model (ELM) is a framework for simulating multiphase flows by treating the continuous phase (liquid or gas) using Eulerian descriptions (fixed grid) and discrete dispersed phases (particles, droplets, bubbles) using Lagrangian tracking. Developed by Crowe and collaborators in 1977, this approach exploits the strengths of both perspectives: Eulerian methods for the bulk continuous phase and Lagrangian methods for individual dispersed elements. ELM is widely used in industrial applications including spray combustion, pneumatic conveying, and particle-laden flows.