General Self-Efficacy Scale
The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) is a 10-item measure assessing beliefs in one's ability to handle difficult situations and to cope with challenges through adaptive effort. Developed by Ralf Schwarzer and Matthias Jerusalem in the mid-1990s, the GSE operationalizes self-efficacy as a generalized confidence in one's capacity to manage stressors across diverse situations, rather than task-specific confidence. The scale has become widely used in health psychology, occupational research, and studies examining resilience and adaptive coping.
Source record
Citations copied verbatim from the method’s source record. No claim-level verification is inferred from them.
- Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston (Eds.), Measures in health psychology: A user's portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35–37). NFER-Nelson. · ISBN 978-0700522286
- Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005). The General Self-Efficacy Scale: Multicultural validation studies. The Journal of Psychology, 139(5), 439–457. · DOI 10.3200/jrlp.139.5.439-457
- Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62–83. · DOI 10.1177/109442810141004
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