Fear Conditioning
Fear conditioning is a classical (Pavlovian) learning paradigm in which a neutral stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS—e.g., a tone or image) is repeatedly paired with an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US—e.g., mild electric shock or loud noise). After conditioning, the CS alone elicits a fear response. Fear conditioning is fundamental to understanding associative learning, anxiety disorders, and the neural bases of threat detection. Behavioral and physiological measures reveal learning acquisition, extinction, and individual differences in fear sensitivity.
Source record
Citations copied verbatim from the method’s source record. No claim-level verification is inferred from them.
- Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. Oxford University Press. · URL
- Davis, M. (1998). Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety? Biological Psychiatry, 44(12), 1239-1247. · DOI 10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00288-1
- Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (2006). Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99(1), 20-35. · DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20
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