Time-Series Pathway Enrichment Analysis — Dynamic Pathway Activity Over Time

Time-series pathway enrichment analysis identifies biological pathways whose coordinated gene activity changes significantly across ordered time points. Rather than treating each time point independently, the method models the temporal trajectory of gene expression within each pathway and tests whether entire biological programs — not just individual genes — are activated or suppressed in a time-dependent manner. It is widely used in developmental biology, drug response studies, and infection time courses.