Wizard of Oz
The Wizard of Oz method is a prototyping and evaluation technique where users interact with what appears to be an automated system, but behind the scenes, a human operator (the wizard) controls the system's behavior. Developed by John Kelley in 1984, this method is especially valuable for exploring novel interaction paradigms (voice interfaces, AI assistants, gesture-based systems) before full implementation. By simulating future system capabilities, researchers gain insight into user expectations, mental models, and requirements without building the complex automation first.
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- Kelley, J. F. (1984). An iterative design methodology for user-friendly natural language office information applications. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 2(1), 26–41. · DOI 10.1145/357417.357420
- Maulsby, D., Greenberg, S., & Mander, R. (1993). Prototyping an intelligent agent through Wizard of Oz. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 277–284). · DOI 10.1145/169059.169215
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