Compara mètodes

	Estudi Ecològic Pragmàtic	Estudi Epidemiològic Transversal
Camp	Epidemiologia	Epidemiologia
Família	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Any d'origen	1967–1982 (pragmatic concept 1967; ecological study formalized ~1982)	1960s (formal codification); widely practiced since mid-20th century
Autor original	Morgenstern (ecological study framework); Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic design concept)	Classical epidemiology tradition; systematized by Brian MacMahon and Thomas Pugh (1960s)
Tipus	Observational ecological study with pragmatic framing	Observational, descriptive/analytic epidemiological design
Font seminal	Morgenstern, H. (1982). Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research. American Journal of Public Health, 72(12), 1336–1344.	Kelsey, J. L., Whittemore, A. S., Evans, A. S., & Thompson, W. D. (1996). Methods in Observational Epidemiology (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195080407
Àlies	real-world ecological study, effectiveness ecological study, population-level pragmatic study, pragmatic ecologic design	prevalence study, cross-sectional survey, transversal study, cross-sectional design
Relacionats	5	6
Resum	A pragmatic ecological study is an observational epidemiological design that examines associations between exposures and outcomes at the population or group level — using routinely collected, real-world data — with the explicit goal of informing practical public health decisions under everyday conditions. Rather than controlling every variable in a laboratory-like manner, it embraces the complexity and heterogeneity of natural settings to answer effectiveness questions relevant to policy.	A cross-sectional epidemiological study measures the exposure(s) and outcome(s) of interest simultaneously in a defined population at a single point in time (or over a short period). Because there is no follow-up, it is the most efficient observational design for estimating disease prevalence and for generating hypotheses about associations between risk factors and health outcomes.