Compara mètodes

	Escala de Populisme	Escala d'Identitat Nacional	Escala d'Ideologia Política
Camp	Psicologia política	Psicologia política	Psicologia política
Família	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Any d'origen	2014	1989	1990
Autor original	Matthijs Bukkerman, Cas Mudde, Andrej Zaslaysky	Richard Kosterman & Seymour Feshbach	Hans-Dieter Klingemann & Norberto Bobbio
Tipus	Self-report	Self-report	Self-report
Font seminal	Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslaysky, A. (2014). How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1324-1353.	Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989). Toward a measure of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes. Political Psychology, 10(2), 257-274.	Fuchs, D., & Klingemann, H. D. (1990). The left-right schema. In M. Kent Jennings & Jan W. Van Deth (Eds.), Continuities in political action. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Àlies	PAS, Akkerman Populism Scale, Populist Attitudes Measure	NIS, National Attachment Scale, Patriotism Scale	Left-Right Scale, Ideology Continuum, Political Spectrum Scale
Relacionats	3	3	3
Resum	The Populism Attitudes Scale measures individual propensity toward populist political orientations, including Manichean worldview (pure people vs. corrupt elites), belief in popular sovereignty, and anti-elitism. Developed by Akkerman, Mudde, and Zaslaysky (2014), the eight-item scale distinguishes populist attitudes from left-right ideology, authoritarian attitudes, and distrust of institutions. It captures voters' susceptibility to populist political messaging across left-wing and right-wing populist movements globally, from Latin American left-populism to European right-wing populism.	The National Identity Scale measures the strength and character of individuals' identification with their nation, including attachment to national symbols, pride in national achievements, and sense of belonging to the national community. Developed by Kosterman and Feshbach (1989), it distinguishes patriotism (pride in national accomplishments, willingness to serve) from nationalism (belief in national superiority, willingness to act against outsiders). The measure has become essential in comparative politics, examining how national identity shapes political behavior, attitudes toward immigration, support for international cooperation, and electoral choices.	The Political Ideology Scale measures individual self-placement on a left-right political spectrum, capturing fundamental preferences for government role, economic organization, and social values. The single-item self-placement measure (most common) asks respondents to rate themselves on a 0-10 or 0-100 continuum; multi-item versions assess distinct ideological dimensions (economic policy, social policy, nationalism). The left-right axis remains the dominant organizing principle of political competition globally, predicting party choice, policy preferences, and electoral behavior despite critiques that it oversimplifies multidimensional political space.