Compara mètodes

	Errors estàndard robustes a clústers	Model d'efectes fixos per a dades de panell
Camp	Estadística	Econometria
Família	Regression model	Regression model
Any d'origen	1986	2014
Autor original	Liang & Zeger (GEE sandwich); Cameron & Miller (practitioner synthesis)	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
Tipus	Robust variance estimation for regression	Panel data regression
Font seminal	Liang, K. Y. & Zeger, S. L. (1986). Longitudinal Data Analysis Using Generalized Linear Models. Biometrika, 73(1), 13-22.	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Àlies	clustered standard errors, cluster-robust inference, clustered variance estimator, Küme Robust Standart Hatalar	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
Relacionats	4	5
Resum	Cluster-robust standard errors correct the variance of regression coefficients when observations are correlated within clusters such as schools, hospitals, or regions. The clustered sandwich estimator grew out of Liang & Zeger's (1986) generalized estimating equations and was synthesized for applied work by Cameron & Miller (2015), delivering valid inference when ordinary standard errors would be too small.	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).