পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	রিগ্রেশন ডিসকন্টিনিউটি ডিজাইন (RDD)	ডিফারেন্স-ইন-ডিফারেন্সেস (ডিফ-ইন-ডিফ)	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি
ক্ষেত্র	অর্থমিতি	অর্থমিতি	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি
পরিবার	Regression model	Regression model	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	2008	1994	1990s (modern applications)
প্রবর্তক	Imbens & Lemieux; Lee & Lemieux (modern practice); Cattaneo, Idrobo & Titiunik	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
ধরন	Quasi-experimental causal design	Causal inference / panel regression	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Imbens, G. W., & Lemieux, T. (2008). Regression Discontinuity Designs: A Guide to Practice. Journal of Econometrics, 142(2), 615-635.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
অপর নাম	RDD, regression discontinuity, sharp regression discontinuity, Regresyon Süreksizliği Tasarımı (RDD)	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
সম্পর্কিত	5	5	3
সারসংক্ষেপ	Regression Discontinuity Design is a quasi-experimental method that estimates a local causal effect around a threshold (cutoff) value, comparing units just below and just above the cutoff as if they were almost randomly assigned. It is the design developed for applied practice by Imbens and Lemieux (2008) and by Lee and Lemieux (2010).	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.