পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	ডিফারেন্স-ইন-ডিফারেন্সেস (ডিফ-ইন-ডিফ)	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি
ক্ষেত্র	অর্থমিতি	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি
পরিবার	Regression model	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	1994	1990s (modern applications)
প্রবর্তক	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
ধরন	Causal inference / panel regression	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
অপর নাম	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
সম্পর্কিত	5	3
সারসংক্ষেপ	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.