পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি	সাধারণ ন্যূনতম বর্গক্ষেত্র (OLS) রিগ্রেশন	প্যানেল ডেটা ফিক্সড এফেক্টস মডেল
ক্ষেত্র	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি	অর্থমিতি	অর্থমিতি
পরিবার	Process / pipeline	Regression model	Regression model
উদ্ভবের বছর	1990s (modern applications)	2019	2014
প্রবর্তক	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
ধরন	Method	Linear regression	Panel data regression
মৌলিক উৎস	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
অপর নাম	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
সম্পর্কিত	3	5	5
সারসংক্ষেপ	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).