পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	নির্দেশিত অ্যাসাইক্লিক গ্রাফ (ডু-ক্যালকুলাস) ব্যবহার করে কার্যকারণ শনাক্তকরণ	ডিফারেন্স-ইন-ডিফারেন্সেস (ডিফ-ইন-ডিফ)	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি
ক্ষেত্র	কার্যকারণ অনুমান	অর্থমিতি	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি
পরিবার	Regression model	Regression model	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	2009	1994	1990s (modern applications)
প্রবর্তক	Judea Pearl	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
ধরন	Causal identification framework	Causal inference / panel regression	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521895606	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
অপর নাম	do-calculus, backdoor adjustment, Pearl causal identification, DAG ile Nedensel Tanımlama (do-calculus)	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
সম্পর্কিত	5	5	3
সারসংক্ষেপ	DAG causal identification is a framework, developed by Judea Pearl (2009), that encodes causal assumptions as a directed acyclic graph and uses the do-calculus rules to determine whether and how a causal effect can be identified from observational data. It systematically handles confounders, instrumental variables, and backdoor paths.	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.