পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	শ্রেণিকক্ষ পর্যবেক্ষণ	ডিসকোর্স অ্যানালাইসিস	নৃগোষ্ঠীবিদ্যা
ক্ষেত্র	ক্ষেত্র পদ্ধতি	গুণগত গবেষণা	গুণগত
পরিবার	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	1960s (Flanders Interaction Analysis); refined through 1990s–2000s	1989 (Fairclough); 1987 (Potter & Wetherell)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
প্রবর্তক	Ned Flanders (systematic interaction analysis); Robert Pianta et al. (CLASS system)	Norman Fairclough; Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
ধরন	Qualitative and quantitative observational research	Method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
মৌলিক উৎস	Flanders, N. A. (1970). Analyzing Teaching Behavior. Addison-Wesley.	Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Longman.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
অপর নাম	classroom observation research, structured classroom observation, instructional observation, lesson observation	DA, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive Analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
সম্পর্কিত	6	2	5
সারসংক্ষেপ	Classroom observation is a field research method in which a trained observer systematically watches, documents, and analyzes teaching and learning events as they occur in a real classroom setting. It can be structured (using a predefined coding instrument such as Flanders Interaction Analysis or CLASS), semi-structured, or open-ended (ethnographic notes), and is used across educational research, teacher professional development, school evaluation, and curriculum studies to generate ecologically valid evidence about instructional practice.	Discourse analysis is a qualitative research methodology that examines how language, communication, and power shape meaning, identity, and social reality. Developed across linguistics, sociology, and psychology (particularly by Norman Fairclough and Jonathan Potter), discourse analysis goes beyond content to analyze language use as a social practice that constitutes and reflects power relations, ideologies, and social structures.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.