قارن الطرق

	منهج الإثارة البصرية في الإثنوغرافيا المؤسسية	البحث الإجرائي التشاركي (PAR)
المجال	نوعي	نوعي
العائلة	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سنة النشأة	2000s–2010s (integration period; IE roots ~1987, photo elicitation ~1967)	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
صاحب الطريقة	Dorothy E. Smith (IE); Douglas Harper (photo elicitation); integration developed by feminist and critical ethnographers in the 2000s–2010s	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
النوع	Qualitative multimodal research design	Qualitative research method
المصدر التأسيسي	Smith, D. E. (2005). Institutional Ethnography: A Sociology for People. AltaMira Press. ISBN: 978-0759105010	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
الأسماء البديلة	photo elicitation IE, visual IE, image-based institutional ethnography, visual data institutional ethnography	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
ذات صلة	5	6
الملخص	Visual elicitation institutional ethnography (IE) integrates photo or image elicitation techniques into Dorothy Smith's institutional ethnography framework. Participants produce or select photographs and other visual materials that represent their everyday experience within an institution; these images then anchor in-depth interviews that surface the ruling relations — texts, policies, and organizational discourses — that coordinate people's work and lives from outside their immediate standpoint.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.